Kalevi Aho

C09bf048f9c7dab46f1f86103891eedc7cecfc19a6d812b999abe56e137b

Kalevi Aho is “Finland’s most significant living symphonic composer,” according to Kimmo Korhonen. Much of Aho’s symphonic output is the result of years of close collaboration with Sinfonia Lahti. Aho is a master of multiple genres who in the course of his career has gone from Shostakovich-tinted Neo-Classicism towards Modernism, Post-Modernism and free tonality, combining these in a highly original idiom. Besides being a prolific composer, he is an influential figure on the Finnish musical scene in many other ways too.

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Title	Instrumentation	Year	Category	Duration	Available from

Title	Instrumentation	Year	Category	Duration	Available from
19 Preludes for piano	pno	1968	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Ad astra	3trb, tba, perc	1997	Chamber Works	00:15
Ad astra	4hn, 3trp, 3trb, tba, perc	1997	Chamber Works	00:30
Aika ja uni			Works for the Stage	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Aik' on riemunki revetä	kantele		Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Kansanmusiikki-instituutti
Allegretto	pno	1983	Pedagogical Works, Works for Solo Instrument	00:30	Modus Musiikki
Andante	pno	1983	Pedagogical Works, Works for Solo Instrument	01:00	Modus Musiikki
Avain	fl, ehn, bcl, bsn, 2hn, barhn, pno, perc, vln, vla, vlc, db, baryt solo	1978	Works for the Stage	01:36:00	Fennica Gehrman
Ballade	fl, bsn, vlc, pno	1999	Chamber Works	12:00	Fennica Gehrman
Cadenzas	fl	2005	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Cadenzas	vln	2004	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Chamber Symphony No. 1	str:65432	1976	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	13:00	Fennica Gehrman
Chamber Symphony No. 2	str	1991	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	18:00	Fennica Gehrman
Chamber Symphony No. 3	str, asax [str: 6-5-4-3-2]	1996	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	30:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for accordion and string orchestra	str, acc solo	2016	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra	2222 3221 11 0, pno/cel, str, bsn solo (pic, ehn, cbsn)	2004	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	36:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Cello and Orchestra	2232 2211 12 1, org+cel, acc, mand, asax, euph, str, vlc solo [2pic, ehn, bcl, 2cbsn, str: min. 8-7-6-5-4]	1984	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	30:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Cello and Orchestra No. 2	2222 2200 11 0, euph, str, vlc solo [afl, ehn, bcl]	2014	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	30:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra	2222 3221 01 1, euph, str, cl solo [pic, ehn, cl in es, bcl, cbsn]	2005	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	30:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Contrabassoon and Orchestra	2222 4230 11, heckelphone, asax, pno, str, cbsn solo [fl+pic, cl+bcl ]	2004	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	38:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Double Bass and Orchestra	2222 2201 02 1, euph, str, db solo	2005	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	32:30	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Flute and Orchestra	2222 3221 02 1, euph, str, fl solo [pic, ehn, bcl]	2002	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	34:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra	2222 2220 11 1, str, ob solo	2007	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	31:30	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Piano and Orchestra	4443 4331 13 1, euph, str, pno solo [[pic, ehn, bob/heckelphone, cl in Eb, bcl, cbsn]	1988	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	32:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for solo percussion and orchestra	3333 4331 03 0. asax, str, perc solo [pic, ehn, bcl, cbsn]	2010	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	36:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Soprano Saxophone and Chamber Orchestra	fl +pic, ob, cl, bsn, hn, hp, str, ssax solo	2015	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Tenor Saxophone and Small Orchestra	2(II+picc).2(II=c.ing)11 2000 0 1, hp, str (min.43321), ten sax solo	2015	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	28:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Timpani and Orchestra	3(III=altfl)3(III=c.ing)3(III=bcl)3(III=cfg) 4331 0 2 hp, str, solo timp	2015	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	29:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Trombone and Orchestra	2222 3201 03 1, euph, str, trb solo [bcl]	2010	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	30:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Trumpet and Symphonic Wind Orchestra	3333 2 433 00011 3, trp solo [pic, afl, ob d'a, ehn, bcl, asax, tsax]	2011	Works for Wind Orchestra	31:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Tuba and Orchestra	3333 3413 11, hp, str, tba solo [pic, ehn, cbsn]	2000		28:30	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Two Violoncelli and Orchestra	3333 3221 11 1, str, 2vlc solo [pic, afl, ehn, bcl, cbsn]	2003	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	18:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Viola and Chamber Orchestra	1111 1000 01, str, vla solo	2006	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	22:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra	3333 3330 11 1, barhn, str, vln solo	1981	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	30:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto for Violin and Orchestra No. 2	2222 2200 10 1, euph, str, vln solo	2015	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	33:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto per corno ed orchestra	fl, ob, bcl, bsn, perc, str, hn solo	2011	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Concerto per pianoforte ed orchestra d'archi	str, pno solo	2001	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	29:00	Fennica Gehrman
Double Concerto for English Horn and Harp	2222 2211 02, str, ehn solo, hp solo	2014	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	31:00	Fennica Gehrman
Eight Seasons	1111 1000 01 01, str, theremin solo [pic]	2011	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	34:00	Fennica Gehrman
Ennen kuin me kaikki olemme hukkuneet	9 singing roles: mezzo-soprano, soprano, alto, tenor, 2 baritones, bass, 2 boys; orchestra: 1122, 1 heckelphone, 1 alto saxophone/2111/11, strings (8-6-5-4-3)		Works for the Stage	02:10:00	Fennica Gehrman
Ennen yötä	db, perc	2003	Chamber Works	06:30	Music Finland
Epilogi	trb, org	1998	Chamber Works	04:30	Fennica Gehrman
Fanfare for YS	4hn, 4trp, 2trb, tba	1986		00:00
Frida y Diego	1111 1111 02, asax, folk harp, theremin, str, sopr, mezzo, 3alto, ten, 2baryt, basso [pic, euph]	2012	Works for the Stage	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Gejia	3333 4331 03 1, str [pic, ehn, bcl, cbsn]	2012	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	15:00	Fennica Gehrman
Häämarssi I	org	1973	Works for Solo Instrument	02:00	Fennica Gehrman
Häämarssi II	org	1976	Works for Solo Instrument	02:00	Fennica Gehrman
Hääsoitto	org	1999	Works for Solo Instrument	03:20	Fennica Gehrman
Halla	vln, pno	1992	Chamber Works	10:00	Fennica Gehrman
Hämärän laulu	vln, hp	1984		04:00	Music Finland
Hiljaisuus	2232 4330 00 1, org, str [2afl, 2ehn]	1982	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	05:00	Fennica Gehrman
Hiljaisuus	chx	1978		04:00	Fennica Gehrman
Historiallisia kuvia	1111 1220 01 0, str	2009	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Hyönteiselämää	3333 4331 13 2, asax, barhn, str, chm, chf, tape [pic, ehn, heckelfoni, cl in Eb, bcl, cbsn]	1985	Works for the Stage	02:45:00	Fennica Gehrman
Hyvät ystävät	1112 3221 11, 0, barhn, pno, str, baryt solo [pic,ehn,bcl.]	1992	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	05:00
Ilmarin kehtolaulu	voc, pno	1979	Vocal and Choral Works	02:00
Ilo ja epäsymmetria	chx	1996	Vocal and Choral Works	12:00	Fennica Gehrman
In memoriam	org	1980	Works for Solo Instrument	07:00	Fennica Gehrman
In memoriam Pehr Henrik Nordgren	vln	2009	Works for Solo Instrument	11:00
Jäähyväiset Arkadialle	voc, pno	1971	Vocal and Choral Works	04:00
… jäätyivät umpeen levottomat vedet		1995	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	09:00	Fennica Gehrman
Jean Sibelius: Karelia			Orchestrations and Arrangements	45:00	Breitkopf & Härtel
Kaksi kansankoraalia uruille	org		Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Kellot	2222 2220 11 0, str, ssax solo, asax solo, tsax solo, barsax solo	2008	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	28:00	Fennica Gehrman
Kiinalaisia lauluja	2221 2211 01 1, str, sopr [afl, ehn, bcl]	1997	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	20:00	Fennica Gehrman
Kimasen lento	2vln, vla, vlc	1998	Chamber Works	02:00	Music Finland
Kolme Bertrandin monologia	baritone and orchestra	1998	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	13:00	Fennica Gehrman
Kolme hurjaa kappaletta	str	1995	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	08:30	Modus Musiikki
Kolme laulua elämästä	ten, pno	1977	Vocal and Choral Works	15:00	Music Finland
Kolme Mawlana Rumin runoa	chx	2010	Vocal and Choral Works	12:00	Fennica Gehrman
Kolme pientä pianokappaletta	pno	1971	Works for Solo Instrument	04:30	Music Finland
Kolme tangoa	vln, guit, acc, pno, db	1999	Chamber Works	11:00	Fennica Gehrman
Kysymysten kirja	1111 1000 01 0, str, mezzo [fl+afl]	2006	Vocal and Choral Works	28:00	Fennica Gehrman
Kyynikon paratiisi	baryt, pno	1991		05:00	Music Finland
Kyynikon paratiisi	baryt, ob, barsax, hn, trp, perc, pno, vln, vla, vlc, db	1991	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	05:00	Music Finland
Lamento for two violas	2vla	2001		05:00	Modus Musiikki
Lamento for two violins	2vln	2001	Chamber Works, Pedagogical Works	05:00	Modus Musiikki
Lamu	10trp, 4hn, 2barhn, 2tba	2008		05:45	Fennica Gehrman
Lasimaalaus	chf	1975	Vocal and Choral Works	06:00	Fennica Gehrman
Laulu maasta	ob, vln, org	2002	Chamber Works	04:15	Music Finland
Lisää löylyä!	tba	2001	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Music Finland
Louhi	3332 3321 12 1, str	2003	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	12:00	Fennica Gehrman
Ludus solemnis	org	1978	Works for Solo Instrument	06:40	Fennica Gehrman
Mearra	str, hp solo	2016	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Minea	4444 6431 13 1, pno/cel, str: 16-14-12-10-8 [pic, ehn,bcl,cbsn, btrb]	2008	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	18:00	Fennica Gehrman
Mio	3333 4331 21 0, str [pic, ehn, bcl, cbsn]	1996	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	02:00	Fennica Gehrman
Mysteerio	chf	1994	Vocal and Choral Works	05:30	Sulasol
Niin on pitkät miun pihani	kantele		Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Kansanmusiikki-instituutti
Nocturne	fl	2002	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Modus Musiikki
Nuppu	fl, pno	1991	Chamber Works	01:30	Fennica Gehrman
Otetaanpa miehestä mittaa	str, chm	1997	Vocal and Choral Works	02:00
Paloheimo-fanfaari	2222 4220 11 0, str	1989	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	02:00	Music Finland
Partita	vlc, guit	2016	Chamber Works	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Pergamon	4333 4550 04 0, elorg, str, 4speaker	1990	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	12:00	Music Finland
Piano Sonata	pno	1980	Works for Solo Instrument	15:00	Fennica Gehrman
Pieni tarina syyllisyydestä	2111 4000 11 1, str [ehn, str min: 76543]	2004	Works for the Screen, TV and Radio	14:25	Music Finland
Prelude, Toccata and Postlude	vlc, pno	1974	Chamber Works	10:00	Novello
Quartet for flute, alto saxophone, guitar and percussion	fl, asax, guit, perc	1982	Chamber Works	22:00	Music Finland
Quartetto piccolo	3vln, vlc [2vl,vla,vlc]	1989	Chamber Works	05:00	Modus Musiikki
Quasi una fantasia	hn, org	2011	Chamber Works	16:00	Fennica Gehrman
Quintet for alto saxophone, bassoon, viola, cello and double bass	asax, bsn, vla, vlc, db	1994	Chamber Works	33:00	Fennica Gehrman
Quintet for bassoon and string quartet	bsn, 2vln, vla, vlc	1977	Chamber Works	36:00	Fennica Gehrman
Quintet for Clarinet and String Quartet	cl, 2vln, vla, vlc	1998	Chamber Works	33:00	Fennica Gehrman
Quintet for Flute, Oboe, Violin, Viola and Cello	fl, ob, vln, vla, vlc	1977	Chamber Works	16:00	Fennica Gehrman
Quintet for flute, violin, two violas and cello	fl, vln, 2vla, vlc	2000		30:00	Fennica Gehrman
Quintet for Oboe and String Quartet	ob, 2vln, vla, vlc	1973	Chamber Works	30:00	Music Finland
Quintet for Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon, Horn and Piano	pno, ob, cl, bsn, hn	2013		00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Rakkaus on musta leijona	2sopr, 2alto	2003	Vocal and Choral Works	03:45	Fennica Gehrman
Salaisuuksien kirja	3333 4331 13 1, cel, str, 2sopr, mezzo, alto, 3ten, 3baryt, bbaryt, 2basso, speaker, chx	1998	Works for the Stage	01:14:00	Fennica Gehrman
Sateen aikaan	mezzo, 2vln, vla, vlc	2017	Vocal and Choral Works	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Seitsemän inventiota ja postludi	ob, vlc		Chamber Works, Pedagogical Works	15:00	Fennica Gehrman
Sheherazade	chx	1978	Vocal and Choral Works	03:30	Music Finland
Sinfonia per organo	org	2007	Works for Solo Instrument	45:00	Fennica Gehrman
Sinfonisia tansseja	3333 4331 13, cel, pno, hp, str [pic, ehn, bcl, cbsn, trb, btrb]	2001		29:00	Fennica Gehrman
Solo I	vln	1975	Works for Solo Instrument	08:00	Novello
Solo II	pno	1985	Works for Solo Instrument	10:00	Novello
Solo III	fl	1991	Works for Solo Instrument	13:00	Novello
Solo IV	vlc	1997	Works for Solo Instrument	10:00	Fennica Gehrman
Solo IX	ob	2010	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Solo V	bsn	1999	Works for Solo Instrument	09:30	Fennica Gehrman
Solo VI	db	1999	Works for Solo Instrument	11:00	Fennica Gehrman
Solo VII	trp	2000	Works for Solo Instrument	09:30	Fennica Gehrman
Solo VIII	euph	2003	Works for Solo Instrument	09:00	Fennica Gehrman
Solo X	hn	2010	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Solo XI	guit	2013	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Solo XII	vla		Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Fennica Gehrman
Sonata for Accordion No. 1	acc	1984	Works for Solo Instrument	00:00	Modus Musiikki
Sonata for Accordion No. 2	acc	1990	Works for Solo Instrument	22:00	Modus Musiikki
Sonata for Oboe and Piano	ob, pno	1984	Chamber Works	00:00	Novello
Sonata for Two Accordions	2acc	1989	Chamber Works	27:00	Modus Musiikki
Sonata for Violin	vln	1973	Works for Solo Instrument	22:00	Fennica Gehrman
Sonatina for two pianos	2pno	1997	Chamber Works	06:00	Modus Musiikki
Sonatine for Piano	pno	1993	Works for Solo Instrument	06:00	Modus Musiikki
String Quartet No. 0	2vln, vla, vlc	1966	Chamber Works	00:00
String Quartet No. 1	2vln, vla, vlc	1967	Chamber Works	00:00
String Quartet No. 2	2vln, vla, vlc	1970	Chamber Works	16:00	Music Finland
String Quartet No. 3	2vln, vla, vlc	1971	Chamber Works	22:00	Fennica Gehrman
String Quintet	2vln, vla, 2vlc	2009	Chamber Works	34:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 1	2222 2220 01 1, str	1969	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	27:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 10	3333 4331 12 1, asax, barhn, str [pic, ehn, cl in Eb, bcl, cbsn, strb, atrb]	1996	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	47:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 11	2322 3221 00 0, str, barhn, 6perc solo	1998	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	34:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 12	5555 7441 24 0, asax, str, sopr, ten [chamber orchestra: fl, ob, cl, bsn, hn, asax, 6vln, 2vla, 2 vlc, db / symphony orchestra: 4444 6441 24 0, str:16-14-12-10-8]	2002	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	52:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 13	3333 4431 13 1, heckelphone, asax, pno/cel, str [pic, ehn, bcl, cbsn]	2003	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	42:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 14	darabuka, djembe, gongs and orchestra: 1111 1000 01 0, str [ehn, bcl]	2007	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	29:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 15	3433 4331 03 1, euph, pno+cel, str [pic, ehn, heckelfono, bcl, cbsn, 2 fhn]	2009	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	31:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 16	str, 4perc, mezzo	2014	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	52:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 2	3343 6431 12 0, str	1970	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	24:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 3	3233 4431 13 0, str, vln solo	1971	Works for Soloist(s) and Orchestra	36:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 4	3233 6431 12 0, str [pic, cbsn]	1973	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	45:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 5	3333 6431 14 1, pno, cel, 2asax, str [pic, ehn, cl in Eb, bcl, wcfag]	1975	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	27:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 6	4444 4332 12 0, barhn, str [2pic, ehn, heckelphone, bcl, cbsn]	1979	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	34:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 7	3333 4371 13 2, asax, barhn, str [3pic, ehn, cl in Eb, bcl, cbsn]	1988	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	45:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 8	3333 3431 13 1, str, org solo [pic,ehn,piccl+bcl,2cl in A,cfag,barhn,ttrb,btrb]	1993		50:00	Fennica Gehrman
Symphony No. 9	2222 2211 11 0, cemb+cell, asax, barhn, str, trb solo [pic, ehn, bcl]	1993		32:00	Fennica Gehrman
Syvien vesien juhla	3333 4331 11 0, asax, str [pic, ehn, cl in Eb, bcl, cbsn, atrb]	1995	Works for Orchestra or Large Ensemble	10:00	Fennica Gehrman
Teema ja viisi aviollista kaanonia Katariina ja Hannu Heikinheimolle	2instr	1979	Chamber Works	00:00
Three interludes for organ	org	1993	Works for Solo Instrument	16:00	Fennica Gehrman
Three melodies for 1-4 kanteles	1-4kantele	1984	Chamber Works	06:00	Kansanmusiikki-instituutti
Trio for Clarinet, Viola and Piano	cl, vla, pno	2006	Chamber Works	12:00	Fennica Gehrman
Tristia	3343 4 433 00011 2 [pic, bcl, cfag, 2asax, tsax, barsax]	1999	Works for Wind Orchestra	11:00	Fennica Gehrman
Veet välkkyy taas	chm	1992	Vocal and Choral Works	08:00	Polytech Choir
Viisi bagatellia	fl, vlc, pno	2000	Chamber Works	10:00	Modus Musiikki
Wind Quintet	fl, ob, cl, bsn, hn	2006		24:30	Fennica Gehrman
Wind Quintet No. 2	fl, ob, cl, bsn, hn [pic-afl, ehn]	2014	Chamber Works	35:00	Fennica Gehrman

+ Add work + Add information

Abbreviation	Instrument
Woodwind
acl	alto clarinet
afl	alto flute
arec	alto recorder
asax	alto saxophone
barsax	baritone saxophone
barhn	baritone horn
bcl	bass clarinet
bfl	bass flute
bob	bass oboe
bsax	bass saxophone
bsn	bassoon
cbsn	contrabassoon
cl	clarinet
ehn	English horn
fl	flute
hn	French horn
ob	oboe
pic	piccolo
rec	recorder
sax	saxophone
srec	soprano recorder
ssax	soprano saxophone
trec	tenor recorder
tsax	tenor saxophone
Brass
ahn	alto horn
atrb	altotrombone
barhn	baritone horn
btrb	bass trombone
cornet	cornet
euph	euphonium
fhn	flugelhorn
hn	French horn
tba	tuuba
thn	tenor horn
trb	trombone
trp	trumpet
Percussion
dr	drums
glock	glockenspiel
mar	marimba
perc	percussion
timp	timpani
vibr	vibraphone
xyl	xylophone
Strings
db	double bass
gamba	viola da gamba
str	strings
vla	viola
vlc	cello
vln	violin
Other
acc	accordion
cel	celesta
cemb	harpsichord
chords	chords
elbas	electric bass
elg	electric guitar
elorg	electric organ
elpno	electric piano
guit	guitar
harm	harmonium
hca	harmonica
hp	harp
instr	instrument
kantele	kantele
keyb	keyboard
live electr	live electronics
mand	mandolin
mel	melody
org	organ
pno	piano
synth	synthesizer
tape	tape
Vocal
alto	alto
baryt	baritone
basso	bass voice
ch	choir
chc	childrens choir
chf	female choir
chm	male choir
chx	mixed choir
cten	countertenor
mezzo	mezzo-soprano
sopr	soprano
speaker	speaker
ten	tenor
voc	vocal

Symphony orchestra
2222 4331 11 1, str = 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, one other percussionist, harp and strings
Wind band
2252 3 423 21212 3 = 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 5 clarinets, 2 bassoons - 3 saxophones - 4 French horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones - 2 cornets, alto horn, 2 tenor horns, baritone horn, 2 tubas - 3 percussionists
Big band
221 4 4, pno, guit, db, dr = 2 alto saxophones, 2 tenor saxophones, baritone saxophone, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, piano, guitar, double bass, drums
Additional codes
+	fl+pic = flutist doubles on piccolo
/	pno/org = can be played on either piano or organ
lib	ad libitum
obl	obligato
str	str: 65432 = specified number of string players
str min	str min: 65432 = at least 65432
str max	str max: 65432 = not more than 65432
solo	vln solo = violin is the solo instrument in a work not obviously for solo violin