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Contrabassoon in the spotlightEver since I had the privilege of performing the world premiere of Gunther Schuller’s Concerto for Contrabassoon and Orchestra with Mstislav Rostropovich and the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington DC in 1979, I had been searching for another composer who could write an even more ambitious workfor solo contrabassoon and orchestra. The idea of a concerto for the contrabassoon was quite controversial back in 1979, as it was the first work of its kind ever to be composed. Since then, as the contrabassoonist of the National Symphony, I have had the opportunity to perform many contemporary works by living composers. Although the majority of these works had contrabassoon parts, very few displayed any innovative or challenging use of the “contra”. In fact, when I spoke to many of these composers about a contrabassoon concerto, they either thought the idea to be crazy or professed ignorance of the instrument’s capabilities.It was not until a few years ago, when we in the National Symphony performed Kalevi Aho’s Symphony No. 9 for Trombone and Orchestra with Christian Lindberg as soloist and Osmo Vänskä guest conducting, that I discovered a composer who I felt would be able to write another major work for solo contrabassoon and orchestra. From the first rehearsal with the soloist, I realized that Aho was not afraid to take the trombone, another misunderstood instrument, far, far beyond its previously established limits. In fact, the solo part of that work challenges both the trombone and the performer to do things that most other musicians would believe impossible. However, in the hands of a great virtuoso like Lindberg, and a masterful conductor like Vänskä, the work was a huge success with both audience and orchestra, and showed that the trombone is just as capable a solo instrument as any other. I immediately contacted Mr. Aho, and asked him if he would be interested in composing a concerto for contrabassoon that pushed the contrabassoon past its established limits, as he had done with his work for trombone and orchestra. He was most receptive to this idea, and so I decided to personally commission his Concerto for Contrabassoon and Orchestra that I will premiere with Andrew Litton conducting the Bergen Philharmonic in February, 2006.But as the old adage says “be careful what you wish for”, I was not completely prepared for what Aho had in mind for my instrument. Although we were in contact via email during the time that he was working on the piece, the impact of my first seeing the solo part was heart stopping. Yes, I had asked Kalevi to push the limits of the instrument, but did that mean taking the contrabassoon a full octave over its range? In fact, there is one passage in the last movement that pushes the contra up to the sounding high “C” of the solo bassoon at the very beginning of Stravinsky’s Le Sacre du Printemps. This note is considered a stretch even for the regular bassoon (which is based an octave higher than the contra). To my knowledge, this note has never before been played on any contrabassoon. But whether through luck or destiny, the American bassoon manufacturer Fox Products, in cooperation with Arlen Fast, contrabassoonist of the New York Philharmonic is now offering a newly redesigned instrument, named the Fox/Fast system contrabassoon. Mr. Fast, like most other contrabassoonists, felt thatthe contra was acoustically deficient, and spent several years of research and experiments in an attempt to “fix” these problems. So with Chip Owen at Fox, they began building these unique instruments. Along with fixing most of the previous “bad notes”, they discovered that they had essentially expanded the contra’s high range by at least an additional octave. This was not the original intention of the Fast System, but it has turned out, at least in my case, to be a lifesaver.Now, with my new Fox/Fast contrabassoon, I can play all of the extreme high passages Aho has written that would have been impossible to perform on any other contrabassoon. At the time of writing (late May 2005), there are only six of these special instruments in existence, with a seventh soon to be manufactured (out of several thousand contrabassoons around the world). By pushing the limits of the contrabassoon, it is hoped that the Aho concerto will lead to other manufacturers designing and building instruments that will also rise to the challenges presented by this new work. In spite of these diffi culties presented to the soloist, the Aho Contrabassoon Concerto is an absolutely beautiful piece of music. From the opening mournful pianissimo monologue for the solo contra in its lowest register (accompanied by only a very soft bass drum roll) that soon moves up into the extreme highest range, the first movement makes it perfectly clear to the listener that the contrabassoon can sing as well as rumble. Then through the mercurial second movement scherzo with its dazzling technical passages and into the slower third movement that recalls all of the previous musical material, ending with a beautiful soft passage for the contra. The Aho Contrabassoon Concerto is a musical journey that takes both performers and listeners from our darkest hours through a wild ride and vivid dances, finally coming to rest on a note of resignation and hope. Like the other magnificent works of Kalevi Aho, this is more than just a beautifully written piece of music. It provides the underdog contrabassoon with an opportunity to finally spread its wings and take flight into the solo spotlight.© Lewis Lipnick 2005(published in Highlights No. 18, Autumn 2005)

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Abbreviation	Instrument
Woodwind
acl	alto clarinet
afl	alto flute
arec	alto recorder
asax	alto saxophone
barsax	baritone saxophone
barhn	baritone horn
bcl	bass clarinet
bfl	bass flute
bob	bass oboe
bsax	bass saxophone
bsn	bassoon
cbsn	contrabassoon
cl	clarinet
ehn	English horn
fl	flute
hn	French horn
ob	oboe
pic	piccolo
rec	recorder
sax	saxophone
srec	soprano recorder
ssax	soprano saxophone
trec	tenor recorder
tsax	tenor saxophone
Brass
ahn	alto horn
atrb	altotrombone
barhn	baritone horn
btrb	bass trombone
cornet	cornet
euph	euphonium
fhn	flugelhorn
hn	French horn
tba	tuuba
thn	tenor horn
trb	trombone
trp	trumpet
Percussion
dr	drums
glock	glockenspiel
mar	marimba
perc	percussion
timp	timpani
vibr	vibraphone
xyl	xylophone
Strings
db	double bass
gamba	viola da gamba
str	strings
vla	viola
vlc	cello
vln	violin
Other
acc	accordion
cel	celesta
cemb	harpsichord
chords	chords
elbas	electric bass
elg	electric guitar
elorg	electric organ
elpno	electric piano
guit	guitar
harm	harmonium
hca	harmonica
hp	harp
instr	instrument
kantele	kantele
keyb	keyboard
live electr	live electronics
mand	mandolin
mel	melody
org	organ
pno	piano
synth	synthesizer
tape	tape
Vocal
alto	alto
baryt	baritone
basso	bass voice
ch	choir
chc	childrens choir
chf	female choir
chm	male choir
chx	mixed choir
cten	countertenor
mezzo	mezzo-soprano
sopr	soprano
speaker	speaker
ten	tenor
voc	vocal

Symphony orchestra
2222 4331 11 1, str = 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, one other percussionist, harp and strings
Wind band
2252 3 423 21212 3 = 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 5 clarinets, 2 bassoons - 3 saxophones - 4 French horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones - 2 cornets, alto horn, 2 tenor horns, baritone horn, 2 tubas - 3 percussionists
Big band
221 4 4, pno, guit, db, dr = 2 alto saxophones, 2 tenor saxophones, baritone saxophone, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, piano, guitar, double bass, drums
Additional codes
+	fl+pic = flutist doubles on piccolo
/	pno/org = can be played on either piano or organ
lib	ad libitum
obl	obligato
str	str: 65432 = specified number of string players
str min	str min: 65432 = at least 65432
str max	str max: 65432 = not more than 65432
solo	vln solo = violin is the solo instrument in a work not obviously for solo violin